Laser Holographic Measurements of Tidal Deformation of A Tunnel     

Shuzo Takemoto 《Geophysical Journal International》1990,100(1):99-106

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A constitutive model for the dynamic and high‐pressure behaviour of a propellant‐like material: Part I: Experimental background and general structure of the model     

Herv Trumel  Andr Dragon  Alain Fanget  Philippe Lambert 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2001,25(6):551-579

This paper is the first part of a work that aims at developing a mechanical model for the behaviour of propellant‐like materials under high confining pressure and strain rate. The behaviour of a typical material is investigated experimentally. Several microstructural deformation processes are identified and correlated with loading conditions. The resulting behaviour is complex, non‐linear, and characterized by multiple couplings. The general structure of a relevant model is sought using a thermodynamic framework. A viscoelastic‐viscoplastic‐compaction model structure is derived under suitable simplifying assumptions, in the framework of finite, though moderate, strains. Model development, identification and numerical applications are given in the companion paper. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Strains of scattering of near-field of a point source     

M. D. Sharma 《Journal of Earth System Science》2004,113(2):247-257

Three dimensional scattering of near-field is studied for dilatation and rotation in the time domain. The perturbation method is applied to solve the equation of motion for the first order scattering from a weak inhomogeneity in an otherwise homogeneous medium. The inhomogeneity is assumed close enough to the point source so that the near-field intermediate wave is dominating over the far-field sphericalP andS pulses. The integral expressions are derived to relate dilatation and rotation of scattering to the radial fluctuations of velocities and density in the inhomogeneity. These integrals are solved to calculate the strains of scattering from (a part of) an inhomogeneous spherical shell of arbitrary curvature. Variable curvature may allow the shape of inhomogeneity volume element to change uniformly from spherical to rectangular. Rotation of scattering from a spherical shell is independent ofP wave velocity inhomogeneity. Dilatation of scattering does not involveS wave velocity inhomogeneity but its gradient. The back scattering results are obtained as a special case. Strains are computed numerically, for hypothetical models to study the effects of various parameters viz., velocity inhomogeneity, distance of source from inhomogeneity and from receiver, and thickness of inhomogeneity. The curvature of the spherical shell is varied to study the effects of the shape of inhomogeneous volume element on scattering.  相似文献   

三轴压缩试验中橡皮膜约束影响的校正   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

郭爱国  茜平一 《岩土力学》2002,23(4):442-445

基于风化砂的三轴压缩试验，讨论了橡皮膜约束对土强度的影响。结果表明橡皮膜的约束力随试样的径向应变的增大而增大，橡皮膜的约束将使测得的无粘性土的排水强度偏大。在此基础上提出了一种校正橡皮膜 约束的比较简易的方法。  相似文献   

广西耕地资源可持续利用与粮食安全问题研究   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

严志强 《热带地理》2002,22(2):107-111

1978～ 1999年 ,广西耕地总量相对稳定 ,但人均耕地面积下降趋势明显 ,人地矛盾突出。耕地利用程度、集约经营程度和利用效益偏低 ,粮食安全形势严峻。预测 2 0 10年耕地总面积可保有 2 5 8 2 3× 10 4hm2 ,仅可满足耕地总需求量的下限要求。采取保护耕地、促进耕地可持续利用和加大对耕地的投入等有效措施 ,是提高粮食单产水平和粮食产量 ,实现粮食安全保障的关键。  相似文献   

再论我国耕地的保护和完善保护机制的问题   总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2  

陈朝辉 《热带地理》2002,22(3):253-256

耕地是保证社会经济发展最重要的自然资源，由于耕地必须具备特殊的自然条件。因而决定其数量的有限性，在人多地少的我国，保护好耕地尤为重要，目前我国耕地安全存在严重危机，必须采取有效措施使之得到切实保护，以保证我国社会经济的顺利发展。  相似文献   

河南省耕地和粮食灰色关联分析   总被引：18，自引：2，他引：18  

李茂 《地理科学进展》2002,21(2):163-172

收集整理 1 949～ 1 999年河南省耕地、人口、粮食和复种指数等资料 ,定量分析耕地的数量变化、质量状况和耕地减少的形式 ,用一元线性回归法预测人口变化趋势 ,对粮食生产与其影响因素进行灰色关联分析和相关分析 ,提出外延式和内涵式开发耕地资源增产粮食的途径 ,对粮食单产和耕地复种指数进行回归分析.  相似文献   

Peak surface strains during strong earthquake motion     

M.D. Trifunac  V.W. Lee 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1996,15(5):311-319

Peak amplitudes of surface strains during strong earthquake ground motion can be approximated by ε = Aν_max/β₁, where ν_max is the corresponding peak particle velocity, β₁ is the velocity of shear waves in the surface layer, and A is a site specific scaling function. In a 50 m thick layer with shear wave velocity β₁ 300 m/s, A 0·4 for the radial strain ε_rr, A 0·2 for the tangential strain ε_rθ, and A 1·0 for the vertical strain, ε_z. These results are site specific and representative of strike slip faulting and of soil in Westmoreland, in Imperial Valley, California. Similar equations can be derived for other sites with known shear wave velocity profile versus depth.  相似文献   

Hazard mapping of normalized peak strain in soils during earthquakes: microzonation of a metropolitan area     

M.I. Todorovska  M.D. Trifunac 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1996,15(5):321-329

Seismic hazard maps of the Los Angeles metropolitan area are illustrated for normalized peak strain and for 50 years of exposure. The strain estimates are based on scaling in terms of peak ground velocity. The proportionality factor is the phase velocity with which the wave energy is propagating. A simplified seismicity model is used in which all earthquakes occur on faults represented by buried lines and in one zone of diffused seismicity. Poissonian model of earthquake occurrence is assumed. The same model was used in the 1980's to illustrate a method for microzoning of the same area for response spectral amplitudes. Maps of logarithms of normalized peak strain, cε_max, are presented for probabilities of at least one exceedance p = 0·99, 0·9, 0·5, 0·1 and 0·01. These can be used to construct site specific probability distribution functions of the normalized peak strain, cε_max. Such maps are useful for design of new and for retrofit of existing structures, sensitive to strain and differential ground motions (bridges, tunnels, pipelines, etc.).  相似文献   

Northridge, California, earthquake of 1994: density of pipe breaks and surface strains     

M.D. Trifunac  M.I. Todorovska 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1997,16(3):193-207

Empirical scaling equations are presented which relate the average number of water pipe breaks per km², , with the peak strain in the soil or intensity of shaking at the site. These equations are based on contour maps of peak surface strain evaluated from strong motion recordings, and observations of intensity of ground shaking and damage following the Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994. Histograms for the number of pipe breaks per km², n, are presented for several ranges of values of the horizontal peak strain and for several values of the site intensity. The observed distribution of pipe breaks is also used to speculate on possible more detailed geographical distribution of near surface strains in the San Fernando Valley and in central Los Angeles. The results can be used to predict number of pipe breaks in the San Fernando Valley and in Los Angeles, for a scenario earthquake or in probabilistic seismic hazard calculations, considering all possible scenarios that contribute to the hazard and the likelihood of their occurrence during specified exposure. Such predictions will be useful for emergency response planning (as the functioning of the water supply is critical for sanitation and in fighting fires caused by earthquakes), to estimate strains during future and past earthquakes in areas where no strong motion was recorded and in defining design guidelines for pipelines and other structures and structural systems sensitive to strains in the ground.  相似文献